Part 1 of 14 - Chapter 13 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 1 of 50
1.0 Points
Which perspective states that people create constructs and schemas about the world that influence their personality and behaviour?
 A.  Behaviourist 	
 B.  Cognitive 	
 C.  Psychodynamic 	
Incorrect	 D.  Trait 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: According to cognitive and social-cognitive theories, people are rational and thinking, and through various information processing abilities form their own personalities and destinies by using cognitive powers to create and change cognitive constructs, processes and schemas about reality. See section 13.3.5
Question 2 of 50
1.0 Points
The ______ approach utilises narrative analysis as a research technique.
 A.  cognitive 	
Correct	 B.  psychosocial 	
 C.  trait 	
 D.  biological 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Good! Social constructionism and narrative psychology present an alternative theoretical approach to scientific behavioural research. In this respect discourse/narrative analysis is used as a research technique. See section 13.3.7
Question 3 of 50
1.0 Points
What other term is used to describe psychodynamic theories?
Incorrect	 A.  Gestalt psychology 	
 B.  Third force 	
 C.  Depth psychology 	
 D.  Genetic psychology 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories form part of depth psychology, as it relates to unconscious aspects seated deep within people. See section 13.3.1
Question 4 of 50
1.0 Points
A theorist who emphasised recurrent interpersonal experiences as a basis for the consistency of personality is ______.
 A.  Freud 	
 B.  Akbar 	
 C.  Leary 	
Correct	 D.  Sullivan 	

Answer Key: D
Feedback:
Good work! Sullivan asserted that personality is the “relatively enduring pattern of recurrent interpersonal situations which characterise a human life”. This view is echoed by descriptions of what self-concept means: it is mostly people’s self identity as perceived by themselves or others, or as they think others see them. See section 13.4

Part 2 of 14 - Chapter 13 Application	4.0 Points

Question 5 of 50
1.0 Points
In light of the recent murder-suicide of a pilot who crashed a commercial airliner with 150 people on board, which research approach do you think would be appropriate to determine required personality types for pilots within their work context?
 A.  Longitudinal studies of people at work
Correct	 B.  Specific personality measures for very specific work applications 	
 C.  Analysis of the attributes of work environments and employees 	
 D.  Biographical or case history research 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Yes! This scenario refers to a real-life occurrence reported in the news. In this regard, if we want to avoid future situations like this, we would need to test pilot recruits for specific personality aspects related to depression and suicidal inclinations. See section 13.6.5
Question 6 of 50
1.0 Points
During a feedback session following diversity management training the participants agree that the meanings associated with any aspect can be influenced by the way and by whom the meanings are formed within social situations and interactions. This concept is known as ______.
 A.  relationship schema 	
 B.  social constructionism 	
 C.  contextualisation 	
 D.  emotional intelligence 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Social constructionism states that human behaviour and personality are based on people's interpretation of social situations and interactions. See section 13.3.
Question 7 of 50
1.0 Points
Whereas the ______ theory sees personality as stable across time and situations, the ______ theory in contrast, states that people are continuously learning and situations can influence behaviour.
 A.  behaviourist; psychodynamic 	
Correct	 B.  psychodynamic; behaviourist 	
 C.  humanistic; behaviouristic 	
 D.  behaviouristic; humanistic 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Good! The psychodynamic theory sees personality as stable across time and situations, whilst the behaviourist theory in contrast, states that people are continuously learning and situations can influence behaviour. See sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2
Question 8 of 50
1.0 Points
Whenever she feels sad or down as a result of her difficult childhood, Sophy concentrates on and thinks about the positive things in her life, and in this way she has learned to handle stress. This is an example of utilising the concepts in _______ theory in order to overcome difficulties.
 A.  trait 	
 B.  cognitive 	
Incorrect	 C.  behaviourist 	
 D.  psychodynamic 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: The cognitive theory could be used to explain the way in which Sophy used her thought processes to direct her own behaviour. See section 13.3.5
Part 3 of 14 - Chapter 14 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 9 of 50
1.0 Points
According to Freud, the ______ is an internal morality governing ideas on what is right and wrong.
 A.  id 	
 B.  ego 	
Correct	 C.  superego 	
 D.  biological drive 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 14.5
Question 10 of 50
1.0 Points
According to Jung’s theory, which two of the following concepts do NOT fit his description of the functions which generally develop in all peoples’ personalities?
 A.  introversion and sensing 	
Incorrect	 B.  feeling and thinking 	
 C.  openness and conscientiousness 	
 D.  introversion and extroversion 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Ch 14, sect 14.7
Question 11 of 50
1.0 Points
According to Freud, the three levels of psychic awareness in the human mind are represented by the following concepts, processes or structures, namely ______.
Correct	 A.  unconscious, conscious and pre-conscious 	
 B.  super-ego, unconscious and conscious 	
 C.  archetypes, conscious and persona 	
 D.  shadow, ego and unconscious 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: Prescribed book, section 14.4
Question 12 of 50
1.0 Points
Which one of the following theorists made significant findings with regard to how early child experiences can significantly influence adult behaviour and perceptions of what is good and bad in life?
 A.  Freud 	
 B.  Jung 	
 C.  Adler 	
Correct	 D.  Klein 	

Answer Key: D
Feedback: Ch 14, sect 14.4
Part 4 of 14 - Chapter 14 Application	3.0 Points

Question 13 of 50
1.0 Points
In essence Freud's theory is a model of conflict resolution due to which one of the following conditions' occurrence in human nature?
Correct	 A.  Clashes between unconscious forces and societal norms. 	
 B.  Cognitive schemas developed during childhood which clash with societal norms. 	
 C.  Biological energy which continuously threats homeostasis. 	
 D.  Conflict in peoples' perceptions of what is right and wrong. 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: Chapter 14, textbook, section 14.3
Question 14 of 50
1.0 Points
In terms of psychological health, the self can be viewed as ______ in personality, because it is a go-between or balance between biological needs.
 A.  an integrator 	
 B.  a motivator 	
 C.  the conscience 	
 D.  a differentiator 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: Section 14.8
Question 15 of 50
1.0 Points
How do Freud's and Jung's theories differ? Jung ______.
 A.  believes in the unconscious 	
 B.  focuses on past experiences 	
 C.  believes that the ego functions mostly at the unconscious level 	
Correct	 D.  added the dimension of the collective unconscious 	

Answer Key: D
Feedback: Good work! Although Jung agreed with Freud’s notion of the unconscious, he added the dimension of the collective unconscious. He distinguished between a personal unconscious, which is a blend between Freud’s unconscious and preconscious, and the collective unconscious, which refers to culturally inherited predispositions and experiences. See section 14.4
Part 5 of 14 - Chapter 16 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 16 of 50
1.0 Points
Which one of the following factors does NOT belong to Eysenck’s classification of three main or inclusive factors of personality?
 A.  extroversion vs introversion 	
 B.  neuroticism vs emotional stability 	
Correct	 C.  conscientiousness vs lack of direction 	
 D.  psychoticism vs tough-mindedness 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Prescribed book, Table 16.1
Question 17 of 50
1.0 Points
Cattell’s personality theory consists of ______ factors.
 A.  three 	
Correct	 B.  sixteen 	
 C.  five 	
 D.  thirteen 	

Answer Key: B
Question 18 of 50
1.0 Points
Perspectives in personality study which are also referred to as dimensional or dispositional approaches are commonly known as ______ theories.
 A.  psychoanalytical 	
Correct	 B.  trait 	
 C.  behaviourist 	
 D.  cognitive 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Prescribed book, section 16.2
Question 19 of 50
1.0 Points
In trait theory, the Five Factor Model can be described as _______.
 A.  an approach to describe personality factors 	
 B.  an approach to describe emotional or mood expressions 	
Incorrect	 C.  an approach to measure personality type 	
 D.  an approach to describe the innate energy underlying behaviour 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: Section 16.5.1.3
Part 6 of 14 - Chapter 16 Application	3.0 Points

Question 20 of 50
1.0 Points
In the selection process, applicants are assessed, evaluated and chosen according to their strengths and weaknesses with regard to specific personality attributes required in certain work situations. This selection approach seems to be based on the _____ approach to personality.
 A.  psychodynamic 
 B.  cognitive 	
Correct	 C.  trait 	
 D.  behaviouristic 	

Answer Key: C
Question 21 of 50
1.0 Points
Trait psychology’s largest contribution/s to the science of Psychology is probably ______.
 A.  the research on the non-conscious aspects of personality. 	
Incorrect	 B.  the establishment of a 3 - and 16 - factor explanation for personality. 	
 C.  classification and measurement of individual differences. 	
 D.  the explanations of the dynamics of personality by means of a five factor model. 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Ch 13, sect 13.3.4, p 296
Question 22 of 50
1.0 Points
An important point of difference between trait psychologists, for example Allport, and psychoanalytic theorists is the trait psychologists' belief that ______.
 A.  personality is influenced by biological and environmental factors. 	
 B.  parents, especially the mother, do not influence personality development. 	
Correct	 C.  personality develops and grows autonomously and differently from childhood experiences 	
 D.  personality does not develop according to certain stages of development. 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 16.7
Part 7 of 14 - Chapter 17 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 23 of 50
1.0 Points
In humanistic theory, the term phenomenology refers to ______.
 A.  people being in their world 	
 B.  attributes people link to their personalities 	
 C.  aspects shared by all cultures 	
Correct	 D.  the study of people’s conscious experiences 	

Answer Key: D
Feedback: Section 17.2
Question 24 of 50
1.0 Points
The ______ approach believes that people can transcend or overcome their environment or circumstances.
Incorrect	 A.  behaviourism 	
 B.  humanistic 	
 C.  cognitive 	
 D.  trait 	

Answer Key: B
Question 25 of 50
1.0 Points
Rogers’ concept of the “real self” can be defined as ______.
 A.  all aspects signifying personality unity 	
 B.  a person’s self-perception 	
 C.  what the individual would like to be 	
 D.  a person’s true behaviour 	

Answer Key: D
Feedback: Chapter 17, textbook, section 17.4, table 17.1
Question 26 of 50
1.0 Points
______ tends to influence how people act, think and feel about themselves and their job.
 A.  Self-awareness 	
 B.  Self-concept 	
Correct	 C.  Self-esteem 	
 D.  Self-identity 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 17.4
Part 8 of 14 - Chapter 17 Application	3.0 Points

Question 27 of 50
1.0 Points
______, as proposed by humanistic theorists, would probably explain why employees experience the same work stressor differently.
 A.  Optimal functioning 	
 B.  Self-actualisation 	
Correct	 C.  Subjective experiences 	
 D.  Self-determination 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 17.3.1
Question 28 of 50
1.0 Points
You notice your friend who has been studying with you the past year always seems to understand exactly what is going on with her modules, manages her time efficiently and knows how she can use her experiences with the modules in her work context. This could be related to ______.
 A.  competency 	
 B.  striving for superiority 	
Correct	 C.  sense of coherence 	
 D.  learned resourcefulness 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: This could be related to Sense of Coherence. (p. 388 Section 17.7)
Question 29 of 50
1.0 Points
Buthi has been promoted numerous times and earns quite a substantial salary. However, he has lately been feeling very demotivated at work. Buthi approached the CEO of the company to discuss a plan he had which would entail him moving to a smaller subsidiary branch of the organisation in order to implement a new innovative product which he had designed. The CEO agreed but told Buthi that he would have to take a pay cut as the subsidiary branch could not afford his salary. Buthi agreed and left the CEO's office feeling highly motivated, According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which need is Buthi exhibiting?
 A.  Primary needs 	
Correct	 B.  Secondary needs 	
 C.  Achievement needs 	
 D.  Basic needs 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Buthi is exhibiting secondary needs (p. 384 Section 17.6.2)
Part 9 of 14 - Chapter 18 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 30 of 50
1.0 Points
The concept “perceptualisation” in cognitive psychology refers to ______.
 A.  becoming aware of stimuli before the moment and meaning is gone. 	
 B.  interpreting and giving meaning to internal and external stimuli. 	
Correct	 C.  the process of obtaining and receiving information and integrating information into meaningful contents. 	
 D.  the realisation of what the schemas in the core meaning system are. 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 18.5
Question 31 of 50
1.0 Points
______ constructs refer to the criteria or hypotheses through which people view and predict the world or their theories about the world and people they use to organise their own lives.
 A.  Psychological 	
 B.  Personality 	
Correct	 C.  Personal 	
 D.  Cognitive 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 18.2
Question 32 of 50
1.0 Points
Which corollary is concerned with an individual’s freedom of choice?
 A.  The dichotomy corollary 

Correct	 B.  The choice corollary 	
 C.  The experience corollary 	
 D.  The individuality corollary 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: The choice corollary concerns individuals’ freedom of choice. Personal constructs help a person to predict the future. There are two ways to do this. Firstly, a person could clarify his/her present constructs, thereby narrowing his/her world for the sake of security. Secondly, the adventurous route may be chosen if the person explores new aspects of life (Bergh & Geldenhuys, 2013, section 18.5.3.5).
Question 33 of 50
1.0 Points
In cognitive theory, the term "anxiety" is defined as ______.
 A.  the inability to understand and predict events
 B.  an identity crisis, with widespread changes in core roles 	
 C.  something that violates the core role 	
Incorrect	 D.  holding on to invalid constructs 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: Section 18.8
Part 10 of 14 - Chapter 18 Application	3.0 Points

Question 34 of 50
1.0 Points
Why is the REP Test valuable in cognitive research?
 A.  Its findings can assist people to form and understand new constructs in their lives. 
Correct	 B.  People’s constructs can be determined by comparing and contrasting different aspects of meaning systems in and between people. 	
 C.  It can be used to measure the levels of accommodation and assimilation in people's cognitive structures. 	
 D.  It is especially valuable in determining the structure of cognition in personality. 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Section 18.6
Question 35 of 50
1.0 Points
An employee believes that he has better qualifications, more experience and performs better in his job compared to a colleague who has been promoted to a managerial position above him without any explanation by management. Which action from the following options do you think will arguably best decrease this employee’s cognitive dissonance?
 A.  The employee will only work harder to perform even better in order to prove his point. 	
 B.  He will bring complaints of unfair labour practice against the management. 	
Correct	 C.  The employee will not perform up to his usual standards or what is expected of him. 	
 D.  The employee will congratulate the colleague and continue working as per usual. 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 18.4.3
Question 36 of 50
1.0 Points
Agnes joins a book club, but as the other members are much older than her, she thinks that she will not be able to befriend them. However, when she realises that they also enjoy gardening, which she loves, she is using ______ when she decides that she might become friends with the group members after all.
 A.  a constellatory construct 	
 B.  the fundamental postulate 	
 C.  a pre-emptive construct 	
Correct	 D.  a propositional construct 	

Answer Key: D
Feedback: Well done! A construct that allows individuals to change their opinions when new information arises and is deemed relevant to the event or individual is called a propositional construct. This is what Agnes applies when she attaches new information to the social situation experienced. See prescribed book section 18.5.1
Part 11 of 14 - Chapter 19 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 37 of 50
1.0 Points
According to the theory related to the Wheel of Wellness, which one of the following options does not belong in the description of life tasks proposed in this model?
 A.  spirituality 	
 B.  love 	
Correct	 C.  self-actualisation 	
 D.  friendship 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 19.3.3
Question 38 of 50
1.0 Points
Which of the following are characteristics of fortological thinking?
 A.  self-control and wellness 	
Correct	 B.  emphasis on agency and benefit-finding 	
 C.  manageability and control 	
 D.  virtues and character strengths 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Section 19.5.5
Question 39 of 50
1.0 Points
An individual who understands events in life and finds them controllable and meaningful is experiencing ______.
Correct	 A.  a sense of coherence 	
 B.  positive coping 	
 C.  hardiness 	
 D.  learned resourcefulness 	

Answer Key: A
Question 40 of 50
1.0 Points
The processes of absorption, vigour and dedication are used to describe a certain type of involvement in executing a job or task, known as ______.
Incorrect	 A.  self-efficacy 	
 B.  flow 	
 C.  engagement 	
 D.  hardiness 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 19.5.5
Part 12 of 14 - Chapter 19 Application	3.0 Points

Question 41 of 50
1.0 Points
If one considers the facets or conditions for positive or good psychological and social well-being, it is clear that in life in general and in work for people to have a state of eudaimonia or a good quality life the following needs, namely ______ must be satisfied.
 A.  friendship, love, acceptance and spirituality 	
 B.  personal growth, self-acceptance and social contribution 	
Correct	 C.  relatedness, autonomy and competence 	
 D.  self-direction, independence and coherence 	

Answer Key: C
Feedback: Section 19.3.1
Question 42 of 50
1.0 Points
Johan has just received his results from his last exam and is very disappointed. He can see that his results are a direct result of his sister forcing him to take her shopping on the day before the exam. Within the construct of salutogenesis, Johan’s ______ attributes the outcome of the event as beyond his control.
 A.  internal locus of control 	
Correct	 B.  external locus of control 	
 C.  manageability 	
 D.  meaningfulness 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: External locus of control (p 425 Section 19.5.4)
Question 43 of 50
1.0 Points
Naledi has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder, but she still experiences high levels of well-being. This can be described as ______, based on the Complete State Model.
Incorrect	 A.  languishing 	
 B.  struggling 	
 C.  floundering 	
 D.  flourishing 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Chapter 19, textbook , section 19.6.2.1
Part 13 of 14 - Chapter 20 Theory	4.0 Points

Question 44 of 50
1.0 Points
Axis II of the DSM-diagnostic system relates to ______.
 A.  personality disorders and mental retardation 	
 B.  clinical disorders and related clinical conditions 	
 C.  general medical or physical problems 	
Incorrect	 D.  psychosocial and environmental problems 	

Answer Key: A
Question 45 of 50
1.0 Points
______ occur/s during, immediately after, or sometime after, an intense, traumatically acute (intense) or chronic (of long duration) stressor.
 A.  Obsessive-compulsive disorders 	
 B.  Post-traumatic stress disorder 	
 C.  Generalised anxiety disorders 	
 D.  Phobic disorders 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Incorrect. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs during, immediately after, or sometime after, an intense, traumatically acute (intense) or chronic (of long duration) stressor. See section 20.5.2 of your prescribed book.
Question 46 of 50
1.0 Points
______is/are characterised by obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions and rituals.
 A.  Obsessive-compulsive disorders 	
 B.  Post-traumatic stress disorder 	
 C.  Generalised anxiety disorders 	
 D.  Phobic disorders 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs) are characterised by obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions and rituals. See section 20.5.2 of the prescribed book.
Question 47 of 50
1.0 Points
Personality disorders characterised by odd or eccentric behaviour include ______.
 A.  the narcissistic personality 	
Correct	 B.  the schizotypical personality 	
 C.  the avoidant personality 	
 D.  the histrionic personality 	

Answer Key: B
Feedback: Yes! The schizotypical personality is included in this group.
Part 14 of 14 - Chapter 20 Application	3.0 Points

Question 48 of 50
1.0 Points
The ______ personality, which exhibits patterns of over commitment to work, often refers to an individual who shows resilience and inner resources that will promote health.
 A.  Hardy type 	
 B.  Type A 	
 C.  Type B 	
 D.  Type C 	

Answer Key: A
Feedback: The hardy personality exhibits patterns of over commitment to work, often refers to an individual that shows resilience and inner resources that will promote health. (p. 459 Section 20.6.3)
Question 49 of 50
1.0 Points
In an attempt to improve the work experiences of employees and to promote their occupational health, you have decided to implement a health promoting initiative in the organisation. To which type of approach does this initiative refer to?
 A.  An employee assistance programme 	
 B.  A preventive-health management model 	
 C.  A person-environment fit model 	
 D.  A risk-management model 	

Answer Key: A
Question 50 of 50
1.0 Points
Mary and Tom's illness and relationship complaints are related to the demands of many roles, that is, developing their careers, being parents and participating as members of different committees. These behavioural symptoms relate to ______.
 A.  overcommitment, probably workaholism 
 B.  work and non-work conflicts, probably role overload 	
 C.  undercommitment, probably fear of failure 
 D.  career development problems 	

Answer Key: B